Diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the female reproductive system
Ovarian cancer is the most dangerous gynecological cancer, often referred to as the "silent killer" due to its lack of specific symptoms in the early stages. Approximately 1 in 70 women will develop this type of cancer during their lifetime, with the majority of cases diagnosed at an advanced stage. The average age of diagnosis is around 65, and most women affected are postmenopausal.
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of ovarian cancer is not fully understood, but various biological and genetic factors have been implicated.
- Genetic and Hormonal Factors:
- Inherited mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, which are also linked to breast cancer.
- Family history of breast or ovarian cancer.
- Early onset of menstruation and late menopause.
- Nulliparity (never having been pregnant).
- Environmental Factors:
- Long-term use of hormone replacement therapy.
- Lack of regular preventive check-ups.
Symptoms
Ovarian cancer typically causes non-specific symptoms, leading to late diagnosis in most cases.
- Early Symptoms:
- Abdominal bloating or swelling.
- Gastrointestinal disturbances such as indigestion or loss of appetite.
- Pelvic pain or discomfort.
- Advanced Symptoms:
- Abdominal distension due to ascites.
- Swelling of the lower extremities.
- Unexplained weight loss.
Treatment Approach
Treatment for ovarian cancer primarily involves surgery, often combined with chemotherapy.
- Surgical Management:
- Removal of the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, and omentum.
- Cytoreductive surgery to minimize tumor burden, enhancing the effectiveness of chemotherapy.
- Adjuvant Chemotherapy:
- May be administered before or after surgery, depending on disease extent.
- Advanced Therapies:
- Targeted therapies, such as PARP inhibitors, for women with BRCA mutations.
- Immunotherapy to enhance the immune system's ability to fight cancer.
Diagnostic Approach
Early diagnosis of ovarian cancer is challenging due to the absence of specific symptoms and definitive screening tools.
- Annual Gynecological Check-Up: Transvaginal ultrasound is a valuable tool for assessing ovarian structure.
- Tumor Markers:
- The CA-125 marker is useful for monitoring the disease but not for definitive diagnosis, as it can be elevated in non-cancerous conditions such as endometriosis.
- Imaging Studies: CT and MRI scans help in detecting the disease, though surgical staging is required for accurate assessment.
- Genetic Testing: Recommended for women with a family history or predisposition to genetic mutations.
Prognosis
Prognosis depends on the stage at diagnosis. Women diagnosed at early stages have better survival rates, while advanced-stage cases require more aggressive treatment and have lower survival outcomes.
Our Commitment
At our clinic, we provide comprehensive care for the diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cancer. We collaborate with leading oncologists and radiation therapists, utilizing advanced laparoscopic techniques to minimize complications and improve the quality of life for our patients.