Diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the female reproductive system
Endometrial cancer is the most common malignant condition of the female reproductive system, accounting for approximately 6% of all cancers in women worldwide. In Greece, the lifetime risk for a woman to develop endometrial cancer is approximately 1.5%. It is often diagnosed in its early stages due to the presence of symptoms that prompt women to seek medical attention.
Causes and Risk Factors
Endometrial cancer is closely linked to hormonal balance. Conditions that lead to elevated estrogen levels without the protective effects of progesterone increase the risk of developing the disease.
Risk Factors Include:
- Obesity (excess fat tissue produces estrogen).
- Hormone replacement therapy with estrogen alone, without progesterone.
- Lack of ovulation or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
- Family history of cancer (e.g., endometrial or breast cancer).
- Chronic conditions such as hypertension and diabetes.
- Late menopause or early onset of menstruation.
Symptoms
Endometrial cancer often produces symptoms that lead to early diagnosis.
- Common Symptoms Include:
- Abnormal vaginal bleeding, especially after menopause.
- Irregular menstrual cycles or heavy bleeding in premenopausal women.
- Pelvic or abdominal pain.
- Weight loss in advanced cases.
Treatment Options
Treatment for endometrial cancer is primarily surgical, with surgery being the first line of treatment.
- Surgical Treatment:
- Total hysterectomy with removal of the ovaries and fallopian tubes.
- Removal of pelvic and para-aortic lymph nodes in advanced cases.
- Laparoscopic and robotic-assisted surgery ensures faster recovery and fewer complications.
- Adjuvant Therapy:
- Radiation Therapy: Used to prevent local recurrence.
- Chemotherapy: For advanced stages or systemic disease.
Diagnostic Approach
Early diagnosis is key to successful treatment.
- Gynecological Examination and Ultrasound: Transvaginal ultrasound provides immediate information about the thickness and structure of the endometrium.
- Histological Examination: Endometrial biopsy is essential for diagnosis, especially in women over 40 with abnormal vaginal bleeding.
- Hysteroscopy: Allows direct visual inspection of the uterine cavity and tissue sampling.
- Imaging Studies: For suspected advanced disease, CT or MRI helps assess disease spread.
Prognosis
Endometrial cancer generally has a favorable prognosis, particularly when diagnosed at an early stage. Over 80% of cases are detected in the initial stages, where treatment is highly effective.
Our Commitment
At our clinic, we provide comprehensive care using the latest technological advancements. We collaborate with leading oncologists and radiation therapists, while laparoscopic techniques ensure optimal outcomes and faster recovery for every patient.